Acne: current perspective

Manju Kamra; Anupama Diwan

doi:10.18231/2348-0335.2017.0001

Authors

Manju Kamra Hindu College of Pharmacy, Sonepat, Haryana 131001
Anupama Diwan Apeejay Satya University, Sohna Road, Guargaon, Haryana

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18231/2348-0335.2017.0001

Keywords:

Topical, acne, dermatology, retinoids

Abstract

Acne vulgaris or acne is a multi factorial chronic inflammatory disease of pilosebaceous unit. Globally it affects approximately 9.4% of the population. It is characterized by blackheads and white heads, pinheads, large papules which may lead to scarring. Other than scarring, its main effects are psychological, such as distress and reduced self-esteem. Up to 80% of teenage girls and 90% of teenage boys are afflicted with acne. Adult acne, although less common than adolescent acne, is a significant problem for 3% to 6% of adult men and 5% to 12% of adult women. It is the most common chronic skin disorders which require urgent attention. Successful treatment of acne requires careful selection of anti-acne agents.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Aslam I, Fleischer A, Feldman S. Emerging drugs for the treatment of acne. Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs, 20(1), 91–101(2015).

Dawson AL, Dellavalle RP. Acne vulgaris. BMJ, 346, f2634 (2013)

Goodman G. Acne and acne scarring – the case for active and early intervention. Australian family physician.,35 (7), 503–4(2006).

Purvis D, Robinson E, Merry S , Watson P.Acne, anxiety, depression and suicide in teenagers: A cross-sectional survey of New Zealand secondary school students.Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health,42 (12), 793–6(2006).

Picardi A, Mazzotti E, Pasquini P. Prevalence and correlates of suicidal ideation among patients with skin disease. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 54 (3), 420–6(2006).

Taylor M, Gonzalez M, Porter R. Pathways to inflammation: acne pathophysiology. European Journal of Dermatoloy, 21 (3) , 323–33(2011).

Dawson A L, Dellavalle R P. Acne vulgaris. BMJ, 346 (2016).

Berlin, David J,Goldberg, Alexander L. Acne and Rosacea Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment. London: Manson Pub. p. 8.

Spencer EH, FerdowsianHR, Barnard ND. Diet and acne: a review of the evidence. International Journal of Dermatology. 48 (4), 339–47(2009).

Hay RJ, Johns NE, Williams HC, Bolliger, IW, Dellavalle RP et al. The Global Burden of Skin Disease in 2010: An Analysis of the Prevalence and Impact of Skin Conditions.". The Journal of investigative dermatology, 134 (6) , 1527–34 (2013).

Arndt H, Kenneth J. Manual of dermatologic therapeutics. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2007.

Anderson, Laurence Looking Good, the Australian guide to skin care, cosmetic medicine and cosmetic surgery (2006).

Zaenglein A, Pathy AL, Schlosser BJ, Alikhan, A, Baldwin HE, Berson, D Set al. Guidelines of care for the management of Acne vulgaris. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 74(5) , 945–73(2016).

Knutsen-Larson S, Dawson AL, Dunnick CA, Dellavalle, RP. Acne vulgaris: pathogenesis, treatment, and needs assessment. Dermatologic Clinics, 30(1), 99–106(2012).

Thappa D, Dityan B, Kumari R .Scoring systems in Acne vulgaris. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology ,75 (3), 323–6(2009).

http://www.acneguide.ca/images/gallery/acne-14.jpg

http://www.acnenomorereviewer.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/acne-vulgaris.jpg

Kellett SC, Gawkrodger DJ. The psychological and emotional impact of acne and the effect of treatment with isotretinoin.Br J Dermatol ,140 (2) ,273-82(1999)

Zaenglein, AL; Graber, EM; Thiboutot, DM . "Chapter 80 Acne vulgaris and Acneiform Eruptions". In Goldsmith, Lowell A.; Katz, Stephen I.; Gilchrest, Barbara A.; Paller, Amy S.; Lefell, David J.; Wolff, Klaus. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 897–917(2012).

http://www.acnetreatmentlotion.com/wp-content/uploads/cystic_acne.jpg

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Backacne.JPG/200px-Backacne.JPG

Ghyczy, M., Nissen, H.P., Biltz, H., 1996. The treatment of Acne vulgaris by phosphatidylcholine from soybeans, with a high content of linoleic acid. J. Appl. Cosmetol, 14,137-145(1996).

Bhate, K; Williams, H. Epidemiology of Acne vulgaris. The British Journal of Dermatology (Review),168(3), 474–85(2013).

Kong, YL.Tey, HL."Treatment of Acne vulgaris during pregnancy and lactation". Drugs (Review),73 (8) 779–87(2013).

Holzmann, R; Shakery, K ..Postadolescent acne in females. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology (Review).;27 (Supplement 1), 3–8(2013).

Global Burden of Disease Study 2013, Collaborators. "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet (London, England). 386(9995), 743–800(2015).

Hay, RJ; Johns, NE; Williams, HC; Bolliger, IW; Dellavalle, RP; Margolis, DJ; Marks, R; Naldi, L; Weinstock, MA; Wulf, SK; Michaud, C; Murray, C; Naghavi, M (October 2013). "The Global Burden of Skin Disease in 2010: An Analysis of the Prevalence and Impact of Skin Conditions". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 134 (6), 1527–34 (2013).

Hoeger, PH; Irvine, AD; Yan, AC. "Chapter 79: Acne". Harper's Textbook of Pediatric Dermatology (3rd Ed.).2011 New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell..

Tyler, KH. Dermatologic therapy in pregnancy. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology (Review), 58(1), 112–8(2015)

Brandt, Staci. The clinical effects of zinc as a topical or oral agent on the clinical response and pathophysiologic mechanisms of acne: a systematic review of the literature. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology: JDD (Review),12 (5), 542–5(2013)

Brooks M. Serious Allergic Reactions Possible With Acne Products, FDA Says. Medscape Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/827337. Accessed June 30, 2014.

FDA safety alert. Over-The-Counter Topical Acne Products: Drug Safety Communication - Rare But Serious Hypersensitivity Reactions. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Available at http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm402722.htm. Accessed June 30, (2014.)

Goulden V, McGeown CH, Cunliffe WJ. The familial risk of adult acne: a comparison between first-degree relatives of affected and unaffected individuals. Br J Dermatol. 141(2), 297 – 300 (1999).

Thiboutot D, Gollnick H, Bettoli V, Dréno B, Kang S, Leyden JJ, et al. New insights into the management of acne: an update from the Global Alliance to Improve Outcomes in Acne group.J Am Acad Dermatol, 60(5 Suppl), S1-50(2009).

http://www.medilogy.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/acne-causes-300x300.jpg

Jeremy AH, Holland DB, Roberts SG, Thomson KF, Cunliffe WJ. Inflammatory events are involved in acne lesion initiation.J Invest Dermatol, 121(1), 20-7(2003).

Norris JF, Cunliffe WJ. A histological and immunocytochemical study of early acne lesions.Br J Dermatol, 118(5), 651-9 (1988).

Kim J, Ochoa MT, KrutzikSR.Activation of toll-like receptor 2 in acne triggers inflammatory cytokine responses.J Immunol, 169(3), 1535-41(2002).

Webster GF. Inflammatory acne represents hypersensitivity to Propionibacterium acnes. Dermatology, 196(1), 80-1 (1998).

Pochi PE, Strauss JS. Sebaceous gland activity in black skin. DermatolClin.6 (3), 349-51(1988).

Lucky AW, Biro FM, Simbartl LA, Morrison JA, Sorg NW. Predictors of severity of Acne vulgaris in young adolescent girls: results of a five-year longitudinal study. J Pediatr. 130(1), 30-9 (1997).

Trivedi NR, Cong Z, Nelson AM, Albert AJ, Rosamilia LL, Sivarajah S, et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors increase human sebum production.J Invest Dermatol.,126(9) ,2002-9 (2006).

Smith TM, Cong Z, Gilliland KL, Clawson GA, Thiboutot DM. Insulin-like growth factor-1 induces lipid production in human SEB-1 sebocytes via sterol response element-binding protein-1.J Invest Dermatol,126(6),1226-32(2006).

Zouboulis CC, Böhm M. Neuroendocrine regulation of sebocytes - a pathogenetic link between stress and acne. Exp Dermatol, 13Suppl, 4, 31-5(2004).

Tan, JK; Jones, E; Allen, E; Pripotnev, S; Raza, A; Wolfe, B .Evaluation of essential clinical components and features of current acne global grading scales. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (Review), 69 (5), 754–61 (2013)

Chiang, A; Hafeez, F; Maibach, HI. "Skin lesion metrics: role of photography in acne". The Journal of Dermatological Treatment (Review), 25 (2), 100–5(2014).

O' Brien SC, Lewis, JB, unliffe WJ.The Leeds Revised Acne Grading System. The Leeds Teaching Hospitals. (2015).

Purdy, S; Deberker, D .Acne vulgaris. BMJ Clinical Evidence (Review), 1714(2008)

Benner N, SammonsD.Overview of the treatment of Acne vulgaris. Osteopathic Family Physician (Review), 5(5), 185–90 (2013).

Hoeger PH, Irvine AD, YanAC . "Chapter 79: Acne". Harper's Textbook of Pediatric Dermatology (3rd ed.) 2013; New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell.

Schnopp, C; Mempel, M.Acne vulgaris in children and adolescents. Minerva Pediatrica (Review), 63 (4), 293–304 (2011).

hao YE, Hu L, Wu LP, Ma JX .A meta-analysis of association between Acne vulgaris and Demodex infestation". Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B (Meta-analysis). 13, (3), 192–202(2012).

Fife D.Evaluation of Acne Scars: How to Assess Them and What to Tell the Patient. Dermatologic Clinics.34, (2), 207–13(2016).