Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research

Analyzing the mechanisms involved in the antidiabetic activity of some native plants

2024-09-03T15:51:40-04:00

Background: Research on diabetes treatment is advancing yearly, and it is estimated that 643 million adults worldwide will have diabetes by 2030. This is a comprehensive review of antidiabetic mechanisms in medicinal plants, aims to identify natural antidiabetic plants and provide details on their mechanisms of action, and rigorous testing techniques. Methodology: Information was gathered from offline and online sources to identify indigenous medicinal plants that lower blood glucose. Different databases were searched for ethnopharmacological literature using the following keywords: medicinal plants, diabetes, and India. Other sections about clinical trials, toxicological evaluations of certain plants, and preclinical trials have since been added. These sections were retrieved from Scopus using pertinent keywords. In this study, 117 species of medicinal plants from 55 families that are used to treat diabetes mellitus were listed. Conclusion: The variety of plants discussed in this review clearly demonstrated the importance of herbal plants in the treatment of diabetes. Result of the study shows Fabaceae, Rutaceae, and Combretaceae were the most prevalent plant families and species having antidiabetic properties among these plants. It also gives researchers information that they may use to develop future plans, like finding plants that may be effective in preventing diabetes and isolating bioactive molecules to help manage the disease. More research is necessary to completely comprehend these newly identified anti-diabetic drugs at the molecular, therapeutic, and physiological levels, nevertheless, in order to treat and manage diabetes mellitus globally

A systematic review on botanical background, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Nymphaea nouchali

2024-10-29T14:45:33-04:00

Background: Nymphaea nouchali is a widely distributed aquatic plant prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas, flourishing in freshwater habitats. It is widely recognized as the water lily. Historically, it has been utilized in several medical systems to address conditions such as diabetes, liver diseases, and urinary tract issues. The plant comprises several bioactive substances, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, and alkaloids, which enhance its therapeutic qualities. This review examines the botanical, phytochemical, and pharmacological characteristics of Nymphaea nouchali to evaluate its medicinal potential. Methodology: This review combines data from previous botanical, phytochemical, and pharmacological research on Nymphaea nouchali. The bioactive components extracted from the plant were examined for their therapeutic capabilities. The pharmacological effects, encompassing antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and anticancer properties, were assessed by several in vitro and in vivo experimental methods. Results: A phytochemical study identified the presence of substances, including nymphal, gallic acid, and quercetin. These chemicals are associated with notable biological functions. Alkaloids and tannins had antibacterial activities, but phenolic compounds and flavonoids showed potent antioxidant capabilities. The herb demonstrated antinociceptive properties. Initial investigations suggested possible anticancer effects on some cell lines; nevertheless, further study is required. Conclusion: Nymphaea nouchali shows significant pharmacological potential due to its many bioactive components. Although traditional medicinal usage supports its therapeutic benefits, further preclinical and clinical investigations are necessary to validate its efficacy and safety for pharmaceutical uses.

Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity: An update on the molecular mechanism, biomarkers and management

2024-08-29T12:00:50-04:00

Background: Doxorubicin (DOX) is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent that is effective against various solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. However, its clinical application is severely limited by dose-dependent cardiotoxicity, which affects nearly 26% of patients. Objective: This review focuses on recent insights into the molecular mechanisms of DOX-induced cardiotoxicity, particularly highlighting the roles of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Methods: We have reviewed and retrieved the relevant information by probing the main keywords in online databases (PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct and Web of Science, etc.). Screening of relevant literature was done to pick suitable content based on the pharmacological profile of DOX. Key biomarkers such as troponins, brain natriuretic peptides (BNP), and atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP) are crucial for early detection of cardiac injury. The overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), mediated by enzymes like NADPH oxidase and mitochondrial cytochrome c, is central in triggering apoptosis and cardiomyocyte damage. Furthermore, DOX’s impact extends to other organs, notably the liver and kidneys, contributing to systemic toxicity. Conclusion: This review synthesizes current strategies to mitigate DOX-induced cardiotoxicity, including applying antioxidants, liposomal DOX formulations, and emerging nanocarrier technologies designed to enhance therapeutic selectivity. Looking ahead, integrating personalized medicine approaches and developing innovative therapeutic interventions hold promise for balancing DOX's antitumor efficacy with a reduced risk of cardiotoxicity. By addressing critical gaps in our understanding, this review highlights the need for integrative approaches combining biomarker discovery and targeted therapies to optimize patient outcomes and guide future research directions.

Insights of nose to brain delivery in treating Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review

2024-08-31T22:58:35-04:00

Background: In Parkinson's disease (PD), a complicated neurodegenerative ailment, neurons in the substantia nigra that produce dopamine are lost, resulting in an insufficiency of the neurotransmitter that is essential for the regulation of voluntary and smooth muscular movements. This review focuses on the obstacle triggering the effectiveness of traditional PD treatments, which is the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which prevents some therapeutic medicines from reaching the brain. It encompasses the potential strategy of nose-to-brain administration by innovative approaches, including nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers, and cell-based carriers, directly delivering the drugs from nose to brain. Methods: The methodology involved examining the characteristics, advantages, applications, and challenges of various nanoparticles like SLNs, Nanoliposomes, Quantum dots, dendrimers, etc., through meticulous analysis of articles including from PubMed (5), ScienceDirect (5), Bentham Science (4) and Scopus databases (5). Conclusion: The review concludes by emphasizing the potential applications of nanoparticles in circumventing the problems encountered with traditional methods of drug administration in treating PD. This detailed study brings to light the applications and the challenges that need to be faced in utilizing nanoparticles for nose-to-brain delivery. Attention is directed towards the enlightenment of advanced carriers that target specific brain regions via the olfactory and trigeminal routes. The drug directly reaches the brain, bypassing BBB.

Phytochemistry and pharmacological potential of aloscasia macrorrhiza: A comprehensive review

2024-10-13T07:20:11-04:00

Background: Aloscasia macrorrhiza, commonly known as Giant Taro, is a species rich in phytochemicals with diverse pharmacological properties. Phytochemical analysis shows different bioactive compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolics, and saponins in different components of the plant body, including leaves, stems, and roots. Alocasin, a class of alkaloids, is most prominent in this plant. These substances are likely responsible for different biological activities, as Aloscasia macrorrhiza shows. Aim: This review unveils the phytochemical composition and pharmacological activities of various parts of Aloscasia macrorrhiza. Method: Multiple Literature, including research and review papers, were searched for based on their title, abstracts, and keywords. Keywords like ‘Aloscasia macrorrhiza,’ ‘Phytochemistry,’ ‘Traditional uses,’ and ‘Ethnomedicinal uses’ were used to collect information. Abstracts of articles with relevant titles were screened, and the full text was considered. Only articles published from 2018 to 2024 were considered. Based on their classes and mechanistic actions, this review consolidated these phytoconstituents. Results: These phytoconstituents exhibit a wide array of therapeutic activities, including anti-inflammatory (due to tannins and polyphenols), antimicrobial (due to terpenes and lectins), antioxidant (due to polyphenols), anticancer (due to flavonoids), anti-diabetic (due to flavonoids) effects. Conclusion: This review provides insights to the therapeutic potential of Aloscasia macrorrhiza and hence forms a bridge of understanding between the traditional uses and the modern Pharmacology studies. In the future, further clarification and detailed mechanistic insight can be done. Aloscasia macrorrhiza may have potential therapeutic applications and is subject to further investigation.

Phytosomes: nature’s secret to enhanced bioavailability

2024-10-05T23:25:45-04:00

Background: Medicinal herbs have long been used for treating various ailments, with plant-derived compounds recognized for their therapeutic benefits and minimal side effects compared to conventional medicines. However, issues with the bioavailability of active herbal components have limited their effectiveness. Phytosomes, or herbosomes, are a drug delivery technology that enhances the absorption and bioavailability of these plant-based compounds, providing a potential solution for maximizing the medicinal efficacy of herbal ingredients. Method: Phytosome complexes are synthesized by combining plant extracts with phospholipids in specific molar ratios, typically 1:1, to create a more stable and bioavailable formulation. Common preparation methods include solvent evaporation, supercritical fluid extraction, and lyophilization. Each technique is optimized to improve the stability, solubility, and therapeutic action of the phytosomes. Results and discussion: Phytosome technology has shown significant improvements in the bioavailability of phytochemicals, such as silymarin and curcumin, enhancing their pharmacological effects. Applications of phytosomes span various therapeutic areas, including cancer treatment, rheumatism, wound healing, and respiratory conditions. Studies indicate that phytosomes improve drug stability, absorption, and targeted delivery, effectively managing complex diseases with reduced side effects. Conclusion: Phytosomes represent a promising advancement in natural medicine by addressing bioavailability challenges associated with herbal compounds. The improved formulation techniques and broad applications suggest a bright future for phytosome-based therapies, especially in areas where conventional treatments may have limitations. Further research and development in phytosome technology could lead to enhanced clinical outcomes and expand the use of herbal remedies in modern medicine.

Pharmacophore insights and molecular docking of ciprofloxacin analogues against 2XE1: strategies for reduced antibiotic resistance

2024-10-01T17:06:11-04:00

Background: Antibiotic resistance is a silent pandemic disease that is growing and causing a global threat. Existing antibiotics are less effective against infectious diseases, so we must discover more potent and effective drugs. The latest report from the World Health Organization (WHO) underscores the global nature of the situation, revealing that high levels of antibiotic resistance in bacteria worldwide lead to life-threatening bloodstream infections and resistance to treatment. Methods: This study focuses on the Molecular Docking and Pharmacophore Modeling of Ciprofloxacin and its analogs to explore ligand-protein interactions and identify potent drugs against AMR. Twenty ciprofloxacin analogs, designed using ChemDraw Pro12.0, were docked with the 2XE1 protein. Molecular docking assessed the binding affinity, with Arguslab 4.0 scoring the lowest docking scores to indicate strong interactions and biological activity. Pharmacophore modeling identified essential molecular features like HBA, HBD, and AI for optimal biological activity. Results: The computational screening identified several compounds with improved binding properties, showing greater affinity towards ALA129, TYR149, and PHE88 amino acids, essential for biological activity. Conclusion: The study identifies the best analog of ciprofloxacin, which can effectively combat antibiotic resistance. Compound 13 showed promising docking scores and relevant pharmacophoric features, outperforming the parent ciprofloxacin in binding affinity, suggesting it could be a potent drug candidate against AMR.

Fabrication and evaluation of carbocisteine-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles to treat pulmonary infections

2024-10-03T14:32:43-04:00

Background: Solid lipids Nanoparticles (SLN) comprise physiological and biocompatible lipids. SLN is an alternative carrier system to polymeric nanoparticles or liposomes. It has been claimed that SLN offers combined advantages and avoids the disadvantages of other colloidal carrier systems. Aim: The research aims to fabricate and evaluate the carbocisteine solid lipid nanoparticles loaded in situ gel. Methodology: SLN was prepared by using glycerol monostearate as a solid lipid and by high-pressure homogenization (Panda plus 2000) method using poloxamer 188 as a stabilizer to improve its bioavailability and reduce particle size. The quality-by-design concept was used to develop the SLN by optimizing process variables. Result and discussion: The drug and excipient compatibility study was checked using FTIR, and no interaction between both was found. Optimized SLN of carbocisteine were evaluated for zeta potential, particle size, and % drug release, found results as -19.67 mv, 50 to 200 nm, and up to 70.84%, respectively. Optimized gel batches were also evaluated for the stability study. Conclusion: All the batches were evaluated for various parameters. The F6 batch was optimized based on particle size, stability, Zeta potential, and release pattern. SLN could provide a better advantage of good penetration and targeting to treat pulmonary disease.

In vitro evaluation of Punica granatum fruit peel extract for its potential anti-diabetic effects

2024-10-22T14:50:43-04:00

Background: With growing awareness of pomegranate's health benefits, pomegranate products have been consumed more frequently in recent years, and pomegranate peel has emerged as one of the most prevalent wastes in the food industry. Pomegranate Peel concentrate is an indigenous substance with strong antioxidant and antidiabetic actions as a result of its tannins as well as polyphenols content. Methods: In the present study, pomegranate skin extract, both liquid and alcohol-based, was evaluated for polyphenolic and flavonoid content. Alcoholic fruit peel extract was also assessed for 1,4-α-D-glucan glucanohydrolase and α-D-glucoside glucohydrolase enzyme activity. Results: According to findings, pomegranate peel extract showed significant antioxidant content. Phytochemical analysis of ethanol-derived extract of pomegranate peel found a noteworthy amount of ellagitannins and flavonoids such as Punicalin, Punicalgin, Punicic acid, Catechin, Quercetin, Rutin, and Kaempferol. In contrast, punicalgin, ellagic acid, and gallic acid are responsible for antidiabetic activity. The LC-MS characterization of peel extract of pomegranate showed 10 bioactive compounds. The IC₅₀ value for 80% alcoholic extract of pomegranate peel was found to be 5.86 mg/ml of α- amylase and 6.58 mg/ml of α-glucosidase. Conclusion: It was found that the inhibition of 1,4-α-D-glucan glucanohydrolase and α-D-glucoside glucohydrolase enzymes could be an effective mechanism by which it can give anti-diabetic effects.

Antidiabetic effects of Semecarpus anacardium leaf extracts in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats

2024-10-04T15:21:33-04:00

Background: A class of metabolic diseases known as diabetes mellitus is typified by persistently high blood sugar levels brought on by malfunctions in the production or function of insulin. Conventional treatments frequently have drawbacks and side effects, prompting interest in alternative treatments such as herbal remedies. Semecarpus anacardium, known for its medicinal properties, was investigated for its antidiabetic potential. Methods: Semecarpus anacardium leaves were collected, authenticated, and extracted using various solvents. The ethanol extract was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening, HPLC-DAD analysis, and tested for antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biochemical parameters, histopathological studies, and lipid profiles were analyzed over a 20-day period. Results: The ethanol extract exhibited the highest yield (13.53% w/w) and contained significant amounts of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids and alkaloids. In diabetic rats, the ethanol extract at 200 mg/kg significantly reduced blood glucose levels from 333.35 ± 5.2 mg/dL to 121.68 ± 7.56 mg/dL. Highly significant results were obtained in lipid profiles, with total cholesterol reducing from 176.82 ± 1.07 mg/dL to 103.69 ± 2.85 mg/dL and triglycerides from 188 ± 5.73 mg/dL to 97.17 ± 8.41 mg/dL. Histopathological analysis showed partial restoration of pancreatic islets and reduced fibrosis, indicating the protective effects of the extract. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of Semecarpus anacardium leaves demonstrates significant antidiabetic and lipid-lowering effects in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. These findings support the potential of this plant as a natural therapeutic agent for diabetes management, warranting further research for clinical application.

Expose the bioactive properties of Picrorhiza kurroa root extract oil (PKEO): phytochemical composition and therapeutic activities

2024-12-08T21:44:23-05:00

Background: The present study aims to explore the bioactive properties of essential Oil (PKEO) derived from Picrorhiza kurroa (commonly known as kutki), a medicinal plant known for its therapeutic potential. Picrorhiza kurroa essential oil has a distinct chemical profile, which sets it apart from other essential oils. The bioactive compounds present in Picrorhiza kurroa essential oil may lead to the development of new drugs, particularly for treating inflammatory and oxidative stress-related disorders. The research aims to study the extraction, phytochemical composition, and various biological activities of PKEO. Methodology: Oil obtained through hydro-distillation contains various phytochemical compounds, including steroids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, phenols, proteins, flavonoids, and tannins. Its bioactivity and aroma are attributed to its phenolic and sesquiterpene esters. Results and Discussion: The total phenolic content is 250.47 μg GAE/g, and the total flavonoid content is 245.26 μg QE/g. UV-visible and IR spectroscopic analyses confirm the presence of phenolic and terpenoid ester functional groups. PKEO has moderate antioxidant activity, with IC50 values of 98.19 µg/mL in DPPH scavenging and 42.72% inhibition in the ABTS assay. It also exhibits dose-dependent inhibition of protein denaturation and HRBC stabilizing activity. Antimicrobial tests show PKEO inhibits E. coli growth, indicating potential antibacterial properties. Conclusion: These findings highlight PKEO's promising bioactive profile, suggesting potential therapeutic and cosmetic formulation applications. The antifungal activity also shows the potential antifungal effects of the PKEO.

Evaluation of hypoglycemic potential of Cuminum cyminum and its role in modulation of cognitive function in rats with induced diabetes

2024-05-20T15:29:37-04:00

Background: This study investigated the effects of Cuminum cyminum (C. cyminum) on cognitive behaviour and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) levels in diabetic rats, comparing its efficacy with Glibenclamide, Sulbutiamine, and Resveratrol.

Methods: Wistar rats were randomized into 12 groups (n=10) half diabetic and half non-diabetic controls and administered C. cyminum 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg, Glibenclamide (5 mg/kg), Sulbutiamine (50 mg/kg), and Resveratrol (25 mg/kg). Controls included diabetic and non-diabetic rats without treatment. Blood glucose, insulin, oxidative stress markers, and AChE levels were measured, along with behavioural parameters of learning and memory using the elevated plus maze, passive avoidance, and Morris water maze.

Results: Both doses of C. cyminum significantly reduced blood glucose levels (Dose I decreased blood glucose levels from 278.5 ± 3.66 mg/dl to 136.8 ± 4.91 mg/dl while dose II decreased the blood glucose levels to 138.8 ± 3.83 mg/dl) and improved learning and memory, as evidenced by faster transfer latency (TL) and better retention in the elevated plus maze and Morris water maze. The higher dose was particularly effective in reducing brain AChE levels and improving cognitive performance in passive avoidance tests.

Conclusion: Both doses of C. cyminum decreased the AChE activity induced by diabetes, improving learning and memory. The antioxidant and anti-hyperglycaemic potential may partially contribute to delaying cognitive impairment. Thus, the study suggests that C. cyminum may be beneficial in mitigating behavioural and biochemical changes associated with diabetes mellitus, offering potential as a complementary therapy to existing diabetes treatments. Elaborate studies in the future are essential to explore its antidiabetic and neuroprotective potential.

Isolation, purification, and characterization of bioactive peptide from Chenopodium quinoa seeds: therapeutic and functional insights

2024-11-29T15:49:42-05:00

Background: Chenopodium quinoa is a nutrient-dense pseudocereal packed with proteins, vital amino acids, and bioactive substances that may have medicinal uses. These include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and antibacterial properties. Notably, quinoa proteins and peptides show multifunctional bioactivities such as immunological regulation, cancer cell death, and microbial suppression. This study aimed to separate, purify, and describe the bioactive proteins found in quinoa seeds, emphasizing their potential applications as medicines. Methodology: Quinoa seeds underwent protein extraction, defatting, and de-saponification. Ion exchange chromatography, dialysis, and ammonium sulfate precipitation were used to purify the seeds. The Lowry technique was used to quantify the proteins. Functional tests assessed the seeds' antibacterial, antifungal, protease, and anticancer properties, and peptide identification was carried out using LC-MS/MS. Results: The protein content decreased during purification steps, indicating effective removal of impurities. Protein fractions exhibited significant antibacterial and antifungal activities. Protease activity varied among fractions, with the pH 2 fraction showing the highest activity. Crude extract and pH 2-treated fractions demonstrated significant anticancer activity against A549 and Hela cell lines. pH 2 fraction exhibits the highest protease activity of 2.451 units/ml, indicating enhanced enzymatic capability under acidic conditions. Peptides identified from the pH 2 fraction showed potential therapeutic properties. Conclusion: The antibacterial, antifungal, proteolytic, and anticancer properties of quinoa-derived peptides and proteins demonstrate their potential for use in medicine. Clinical validation and the creation of functional foods or nutraceuticals based on quinoa should be the main objectives of future research.

Development of hesperidin solid dispersion for improved solubility and dissolution using mannitol and PVP K30 as carriers

2024-10-23T14:37:28-04:00

Background: Despite its six-hour half-life, Hesperidin, a bioflavonoid with therapeutic benefits, has low water solubility and bioavailability. This limits treatment. This study improved hesperidin solubility and dissolution by making solid dispersions using appropriate carriers. Methodology: Solid dispersions of hesperidin were prepared using two methods: kneading and solvent evaporation. The carriers utilized in the study were polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (PVP K30) and mannitol. The formulations were evaluated based on various parameters, including yield, solubility, dissolution rate, drug content, and structural analysis using techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. Results: Solid dispersions yielded 81.2% to 97.5% by weight and included 93.7% to 98.4% drug content. Hesperidin's solubility increased 3.72- to 24.05-fold, with a maximum drug release of 64.06% within 30 minutes. Comparatively, formulations with mannitol as the carrier demonstrated higher solubility (24.05 times) and dissolution (54.06%) than those containing PVP K30 (20.16 times and 34.36%). Discussion: Different carriers alter hesperidin solubility and dissolution. Mannitol improved drug release more than PVP K30. XRD and DSC experiments showed hesperidin's crystalline character changed in solid dispersions, possibly explaining its improved dissolving. IR spectroscopy showed physical dispersion because medication and carriers did not interact chemically. Conclusion: The study showed that solid dispersing hesperidin improves its solubility and dissolution. Drug release was greater with mannitol than with PVP K30. Solid dispersion formulations may improve the bioavailability of poorly soluble medicines like hesperidin.

Investigating phytochemical diversity and antioxidant richness of Moringa oleifera in Tamil Nadu

2024-09-22T13:30:12-04:00

Background: Moringa oleifera Lam., widely known as ‘The Tree of Life’, is a medicinal tree native to India and extensively grown in tropical regions worldwide. In India, Tamil Nadu is the leading state, engaging an area of 20684 hectares in the production of moringa. In South India, moringa is extensively utilized as a vegetable for its exquisite taste and flavor in sambar and curry preparation. Methodology: Phytochemical analysis of leaves from the Tamil Nadu region and simultaneous estimation of quercetin, rutin, and gallic acid contents in moringa leaf extracts from the Tamil Nadu region via HPTLC analysis was carried out. DPPH assay was performed to determine the antioxidant potential. Results and Discussion: The hydroalcoholic extract obtained from the triple maceration of moringa leaves possesses high amounts of phytoconstituents such as flavonoids and polyphenols. Each gram of the extract contained 1650.401 µg of quercetin, 1136.950 µg of rutin, and 220.223 µg of gallic acid. The IC₅₀ value of the extract was calculated to be 36.10 µg/ml. Conclusion: The extract from the leaves of the moringa plant grown in the Tamil Nadu region contains a good amount of phytoconstituents and also possesses good antioxidant activity comparable to that of standard ascorbic acid, suggesting its potential use as an antioxidant agent. The findings of the present study support the traditional use of the folklore plant for improving health.

Preparation and evaluation of antibacterial mupirocin cream emulsion using cocamidopropyl betaine emulsifier

2024-08-31T12:28:09-04:00

Background: This study aimed to develop and evaluate an antibacterial cream emulsion containing mupirocin using Cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) as an emulsifier. Mupirocin, a topical antibiotic effective against Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant strains), was formulated into a cream to enhance its topical delivery. Materials and Methods: Mupirocin cream emulsion formulations were developed with varying concentrations of CAPB, PEG-400, and glycerol monostearate. The cream formulations were mainly evaluated for in vitro diffusion tests, antibacterial activity tests, and stability studies. Result and Discussion: CAPB produced a stable cream emulsion formulation (F7) at 30% concentration and 2% PEG-400. The formulation (F7) exhibited sustained drug release over 3.5 hours in the diffusion test. The formulation F7 showed a higher zone of inhibition, 32.16±2.2 mm, than the marketed mupirocin cream, 29.56±1.35 mm, for the Staphylococcus aureus strain. The prepared cream formulation F7 was found stable over 90 days at different temperature conditions (8±2°C, 25±2°C and 40±2°C). Conclusion: The study concludes that CAPB effectively enhances mupirocin cream solubility and antibacterial properties, making it a promising option for treating bacterial skin infections.