Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using peels of Citrus limetta and evaluation of their antibacterial activity

J R  Thenmozhi; Shahanaz  S; Suba G A  Manuel

doi:10.18231/j.joapr.2023.11.4.27.34

Authors

J R Thenmozhi Department of Life Science, Mount Carmel College, Vasanth Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560052
Shahanaz S Department of Life Science, Mount Carmel College, Vasanth Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560052
Suba G A Manuel Department of Life Science, Mount Carmel College, Vasanth Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560052

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18231/j.joapr.2023.11.4.27.34

Keywords:

Antibacterial activity, Antioxidant potential, Citrus limetta, green synthesis, Nanoparticles, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Zinc oxide

Abstract

Background: The fruit peel wastes produced during the processing of different agriculture-related products after production are not utilized to their full potential, and their environmental impact has become a significant global issue. Citrus peel waste is rich in nutrients and has biopotential activity. Objective: The main objective of the current study is to analyze peels of Citrus limetta qualitatively and quantitatively and synthesize Zinc oxide Nanoparticles using the green synthesis method. Methodology: The synthesized ZnO NPs were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The antibacterial activity of C. limetta peels ZnO NPs against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was evaluated by the Agar Disc Diffusion method. Results: The UV-Vis spectrum was measured in the 200 – 400 nm range, and the crystalline structure was analyzed via XRD. SEM/EDS analysis confirmed the nano-spherical structures and the agglomeration of the synthesized ZnO NPs. A minimal inhibitory effect against the Pseudomonas aeruginosa by C. limetta peels ZnO NPs was observed. Conclusion: Hence, the green synthesized ZnO NPs offer an effective and economical way to utilize citrus peel waste in both food and non-food sectors.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Rifna EJ, Misra NN, Dwivedi M. Recent advances in extraction technologies for recovery of bioactive compounds derived from fruit and vegetable waste peels: A review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 63 (6), 719–752 (2023)

Coman V, Teleky BE, Mitrea L, Martău GA, Szabo K, Călinoiu LF, Vodnar DC. Bioactive potential of fruit and vegetable wastes. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research 91, 157–225 (2020)

Ganesh KS, Sridhar A, Vishali S. Utilization of fruit and vegetable waste to produce value-added products: Conventional utilization and emerging opportunities-A review. Chemosphere 287(3), 132221 (2022).

Girotto F, Alibardi L, Cossu R. Food waste generation and industrial uses: A review. Waste Management 45, 32–41 (2015)

Sahoo A, Sarkar S, Lal B, Kumawat P, Sharma S, De K. Utilization of fruit and vegetable waste as an alternative feed resource for sustainable and eco-friendly sheep farming. Waste Management 128, 232–242 (2021)

Cheok CY, Mohd Adzahan N, Abdul Rahman R, Zainal Abedin NH, Hussain N, Sulaiman R, Chong GH. Current trends of tropical fruit waste utilization. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 58(3), 335–361 (2018)

Deng GF, Shen C, Xu XR, Kuang RD, Guo YJ, Zeng LS, Gao LL, Lin X, Xie JF, Xia EQ, Li S, Wu S, Chen F, Ling WH, Li HB. Potential of fruit wastes as natural resources of bioactive compounds. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 13(7), 8308–8323 (2012)

Okonogi S, Duangrat C, Anuchpreeda S, Tachakittirungrod S, Chowwanapoonpohn S. Comparison of antioxidant capacities and cytotoxicities of certain fruit peels. Food Chemistry 103(3), 839–846 (2007).

Sagar NA, Pareek S, Sharma S, Yahia EM, Lobo MG. Fruit and vegetable waste: Bioactive compounds, their extraction, and possible utilization. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 17(3), 512–531 (2018).

Ali A, Riaz S, Sameen A, Naumovski N, Iqbal MW, Rehman A, Mehany T, Zeng X, Manzoor MF. The disposition of bioactive compounds from fruit waste, their extraction, and analysis using novel technologies: A review. Processes 10, 2014 (2022).

Singh P, Kim YJ, Zhang D, Yang DC. Biological synthesis of nanoparticles from plants and microorganisms. Trends in Biotechnology 34(7), 588–599 (2016).

Hulla JE, Sahu SC, Hayes AW. Nanotechnology: History and future. Human and Experimental Toxicology 34(12), 1318–1321 (2015)

Ealia SAM, Saravanakumar MP. A review on the classification, characterisation, synthesis of nanoparticles and their application. In IOP Conference Series. Materials Science and Engineering 263, 3, 032019 (2017).

Rastogi A, Zivcak M, Sytar O, Kalaji HM, He X, Mbarki S, Brestic M. Impact of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles on plant: A critical review. Frontiers in Chemistry 5, 78 (2017).

Nair GM, Sajini T, Mathew B. Advanced green approaches for metal and metal oxide nanoparticles synthesis and their environmental applications. Talanta Open 5, 100080 (2022).

Gericke M, Pinches A. Biological synthesis of metal nanoparticles. Hydrometallurgy 83(1–4), 132–140 (2006).

Shah M, Fawcett D, Sharma S, Tripathy SK, Poinern GEJ. Green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles via biological entities. Materials 8(11), 7278–7308 (2015).

Nair GM, Sajini T, Mathew B. Advanced green approaches for metal and metal oxide nanoparticles synthesis and their environmental applications. Talanta Open 5, 100080 (2022)

Amini SM. Preparation of antimicrobial metallic nanoparticles with bioactive compounds. Materials Science and Engineering. C 103, 109809 (2019)

Saw PE, Lee S, Jon S. Naturally occurring bioactive compound‐derived nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Advanced Therapeutics 2(5), 1800146 (2019)

Shaikh IA, Muddapur UM, Bagewadi ZK, Chiniwal S, Ghoneim MM, Mahnashi MH et al. Characterization of bioactive compounds from Acacia concinna and Citrus limon, silver nanoparticles’ production by A. concinna extract, and their biological properties. Molecules 27(9), 2715 (2022).

Parekh J, Chanda S. In vitro antibacterial activity of the crude methanol extract of Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz. flower (Lythraceae). Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 38(2), 204–207 (2007).

Roghini R, Vijayalakshmi K. Phytochemical screening, quantitative analysis of flavonoids and minerals in ethanolic extract of Citrus paradisi. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 9(11), 4859–4864 (2018)

Chang CC, Yang MH, Wen HM, Chern JC. Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 10, 3 (2002).

Singleton VL, Orthofer R, Lamuela-Raventós RM. Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Methods in Enzymology 299, 152–178 (1999)

Doan Thi TU, Nguyen TT, Thi YD, Ta Thi KH, Phan BT, Pham KN. Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using orange fruit peel extract for antibacterial activities. RSC Advances 10(40), 23899–23907 (2020).

Talam S, Karumuri SR, Gunnam N. Synthesis, characterization, and spectroscopic properties of ZnO nanoparticles. ISRN Nanotechnology 2012, 1–6 (2012).

Zaidan MR, Noor Rain A, Badrul AR, Adlin A, Norazah A, Zakiah I. In vitro screening of five local medicinal plants for antibacterial activity using disc diffusion method. Tropical Biomedicine 22(2), 165–170 (2005).

Bauer AW, Kirby WM, Sherris JC, Turck, M. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 45(4), 493–496 (1966)

Kavit M, Patel BN, Jain BK. Phytochemical analysis of leaf extract of Phyllanthus fraternus. Research Journal of Recent Sciences 2277, 2502 (2013)

Martínez-Cano E, Martínez-Cano SM, Avalos-López KI, González-Simental JA. Preliminary phytochemical study and TLC analysis of the fruit, leaves and flowers of Citrus limetta Risso. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 6(5), 594–599 (2017).

Galati EM, Monforte MT, Kirjavainen S, Forestieri AM, Trovato A, Tripodo MM. Biological effects of hesperidin, a citrus flavonoid. (Note I): Anti inflammatory and analgesic activity. Farmaco 40(11), 709–712 (1994).

Olfa T, Gargouri M, Akrouti A, Brits M, Gargouri M, Ben Ameur R, Pieters L, Foubert K, Magné C, Soussi A, Allouche N. A comparative study of phytochemical investigation and antioxidative activities of six citrus peel species. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 36(5), 564–575 (2021).

Sawalha SMS, Arráez-Román D, Segura-Carretero A, Fernández-Gutiérrez A. Quantification of main phenolic compounds in sweet and bitter orange peel using CE–MS/MS. Food Chemistry 116(2), 567 - 574 (2009).

Ribarova F, Atanassova M, Marinova D, Ribarova F, Atanassova M. Total phenolics and flavonoids in Bulgarian fruits and vegetables. JU chem. Metal 40, 255–260 (2005).

Padilla-Camberos E, Lazcano-Díaz E, Flores-Fernandez JM, Owolabi MS, Allen K, Villanueva-Rodríguez S. Evaluation of the inhibition of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes, the antioxidant activity, and the polyphenolic content of Citrus limetta peel extract. The Scientific World Journal 2014, 121760 (2014).

Doan Thi TU, Nguyen TT, Thi YD, Ta Thi KH, Phan BT, Pham KN. Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using orange fruit peel extract for antibacterial activities. RSC Advances, 10(40), 23899–23907 (2020).

Kolekar TV, Yadav HM, Bandgar SS, Deshmukh PY. Synthesis by sol–gel method and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles. Indian Streams Research Journal 1(1) (2011).

Fakhari S, Jamzad M, Kabiri Fard H. Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles: a comparison. Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews 12(1), 19–24 (2019).

Ismail MA, Taha KK, Modwi A, Khezami L. ZnO nanoparticles: Surface and X-ray profile analysis. Journal of Ovonic Research 14(5), 381–393 (2018).

Ghosh RC, Paria S. Core/shell nanoparticles: Classes, properties, synthesis mechanisms, characterization, and applications. Chemical Reviews 112(4), 2373–2433 (2012).

Titus D, Samuel EJJ, Roopan SM. Nanoparticle characterization techniques In Green synthesis, characterization and applications of nanoparticles 303–319, (2019).

Japoni A, Farhad S, Alborzi A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Burn infection, treatment and antibacterial resistance. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal 11(3), 244-253 (2009)

Hungund BS, Dhulappanavar GR, Ayachit NH. Comparative evaluation of antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized using fruit juices. Journal of Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology 6, 271 (2015)