Risk factors for prevalence of retinopathy of prematurity in a tertiary care centre of North India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18231/j.joapr.2023.11.3.1.10Keywords:
Birth weight, gestational age, incidence, North India, Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), risk factorsAbstract
Background: The goal of the current study was to shed light on the risk factors responsible for the prevalance of ROP in infants born before 34 weeks of gestation or in infants born with birth weights under 2000 g admitted in NICU at a tertiary care hospital. Methods: This study was a hospital based prospective observational study conducted on 160 neonates after ethical clearance within a period of four months. The study population comprised of neonates less than 34 week of gestational age and with birth weight less than 2000 gm and gestational age between 34-36 weeks. All statistical analysis was done using appropriate statistical software like SPSS (Statistical Sciences Package for Social). Categorical / Nominal variables were indicated as number and percentage and were surveyed using Chi square test or Fischer exact test. Continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation. Results: Among the 160 neonates screened, 30 neonates were found to have Retinopathy of prematurity, giving a rate of 18.8% for ROP. Among the 30 neonates with ROP, 10 (33.3%) delivered at gestational age <32 weeks, 12 (40%) had respiratory distress syndrome, 19 (63.3%) had sepsis, 23 (76.7%) required oxygen therapy, 5 (16.7%) received mechanical ventilation, 18 (60%) received blood transfusion, 17 (56.7%) had hypoglycemia. Other risk factors have been discussed in detail in the article. Conclusion: Prematurity, low birth weight, inadvertent use of oxygen therapy blood transfusion, sepsis and hypoglycemia were found to be significant risk factor for ROP.
Downloads
References
Yanoff M, Duker JS. Ophthalmology. 3rd Edition, Elsevier, St. Louis, MO. (2008)
Gibson DL, Sheps SB, Schechter MT, Wiggins S, McCormick AQ. Retinopathy of prematurity: a new epidemic. Pediatrics 83, 486-92. (1989).
Goldenberg RL, Culhane JF, Iams JD, Romero R. Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet 371, 75-84. (2008).
Smith LE. Pathogenesis of retinopathy of prematurity. Semin Neonatol 8, 469-73. (2003).
Beharry KD, Valencia GB, Lazzaro DR, Aranda JV. Pharmacologic interventions for the prevention and treatment of retinopathy of prematurity. Semin Perinatol 40, 189-202. (2016).
Celebi AR, Petricli IS, Hekimoglu E, Demirel N, Bas AY. The incidence and risk factors of severe retinopathy of prematurity in extremely low birth weight infants in Turkey. Med Sci Monit 20, 1647-53. (2014).
Lee TC, Chiang MF. Pediatric retinal vascular diseases. In Retina Fifth Edition. Elsevier Inc. 2012. p. 1108-1128
Bremer DL, Palmer EA, Fellows RR, Baker JD, Hardy RJ, Tung B, Rogers GL. Strabismus in premature infants in the first year of life. Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative Group. Arch Ophthalmol 116, 329-33. (1998).
Repka MX, Summers CG, Palmer EA, Dobson V, Tung B, Davis B. The incidence of ophthalmologic interventions in children with birth weights less than 1251 grams. Results through 5 1/2 years. Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative Group. Ophthalmology 105, 1621-7. (1998).
Quinn GE, Dobson V, Kivlin J, Kaufman LM, Repka MX, Reynolds JD, Gordon RA, Hardy RJ, Tung B, Stone RA. Prevalence of myopia between 3 months and 5 1/2 years in preterm infants with and without retinopathy of prematurity. Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative Group. Ophthalmology 105, 1292-300. (1998).
Fielder AR. The natural ocular outcome of premature birth and retinopathy: status at 1 year. Arch Ophthalmol 113, 850-1. (1995).
Multicenter trial of cryotherapy for retinopathy of prematurity: natural history ROP: ocular outcome at 5(1/2) years in premature infants with birth weights less than 1251 g. Arch Ophthalmol 120, 595-9. (2002).
Senthil MP, Salowi MA, Bujang MA, Kueh A, Siew CM, Sumugam K, Gaik CL, Kah TA. Risk Factors and Prediction Models for Retinopathy of Prematurity. Malays J Med Sci 22, 57-63. (2015).
Gebeşçe A, Uslu H, Keleş E, Yildirim A, Gürler B, Yazgan H, Baştürk B, Demirdöven M, Tonbul A. Retinopathy of prematurity: incidence, risk factors, and evaluation of screening criteria. Turk J Med Sci 46, 315-20. (2016).
Edy Siswanto J, Sauer PJ. Retinopathy of prematurity in Indonesia: Incidence and risk factors. J Neonatal Perinatal Med 10, 85-90. (2017).
Revised indications for the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity: results of the early treatment for retinopathy of prematurity randomized trial. Arch Ophthalmol 121, 1684-94. (2003).
Chaudhari S, Patwardhan V, Vaidya U, Kadam S, Kamat A. Retinopathy of prematurity in a tertiary care center--incidence, risk factors and outcome. Indian Pediatr 46, 219-24. (2009).
Yang CY, Lien R, Yang PH, Chu SM, Hsu JF, Fu RH, Chiang MC. Analysis of incidence and risk factors of retinopathy of prematurity among very-low-birth-weight infants in North Taiwan. Pediatr Neonatol 52, 321-6. (2011).
Hakeem AH, Mohamed GB, Othman MF. Retinopathy of prematurity: a study of prevalence and risk factors. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol 19, 289-94. (2012).
Kumar P, Sankar MJ, Deorari A, Azad R, Chandra P, Agarwal R, Paul V. Risk factors for severe retinopathy of prematurity in preterm low birth weight neonates. Indian J Pediatr 78, 812-6. (2011).
Rao KA, Purkayastha J, Hazarika M, Chaitra R, Adith KM. Analysis of prenatal and postnatal risk factors of retinopathy of prematurity in a tertiary care hospital in South India. Indian J Ophthalmol 61, 640-4. (2013).
Port AD, Chan RV, Ostmo S, Choi D, Chiang MF. Risk factors for retinopathy of prematurity: insights from outlier infants. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 252, 1669-77. (2014).
Jothi S, Mangalanathan H, Kamatchi M, Viswanathan V, Karicheri S. Study of incidence and risk factors of retinopathy of prematurity in tertiary care centre. Kerala J Ophthalmol 28, 23-6 (2016).
Isaza G, Arora S, Bal M, Chaudhary V. Incidence of retinopathy of prematurity and risk factors among premature infants at a neonatal intensive care unit in Canada. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 50, 27-32 (2013).
Bassiouny RMR, Ellakkany RS, Aboelkhair SA, Mohsen TA, Othman IS. Incidence and risk factors of retinopathy of prematurity in neonatal intensive care units: Mansoura, Egypt. J Egypt Ophthalmol Soc 110, 71 – 76 (2017)
Abdel-Aziz SM, Hamed EA, Abdel-Radi M, Shalaby AM. Incidence and risk factors of retinopathy of prematurity in a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit: Assiut University Hospital, Upper Egypt. Delta Journal of Ophthalmology 22(1), 56 – 62 (2021)
Hungi B, Vinekar A, Datti N, Kariyappa P, Braganza S, Chinnaiah S, Donthi K, Shetty B. Retinopathy of Prematurity in a rural Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in South India--a prospective study. Indian J Pediatr 79, 911-5 (2012).
Le C, Basani LB, Zurakowski D, Ayyala RS, Agraharam SG. Retinopathy of prematurity: Incidence, prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes at a tertiary care center in Telangana. J Clin Ophthalmol Res 4, 119 – 22 (2016).
Yau GSK, Lee JWY, Tam VTY, Liu CCL, Wong IYH. Risk factors for retinopathy of prematurity in extremely preterm Chinese infants. Medicine (Baltimore) 93, e314 (2014).
Sathar A, Shanavas A, Girijadevi PS, Jasmin LB, Sobha SK, Pillai RK. Risk factors of retinopathy of prematurity in a tertiary care hospital in South India. Clinical epidemiology and global health 6, 44 – 49 (2018)
Khalesi N, Shariat M, Fallahi M, Rostamian G. Evaluation of risk factors for retinopathy in preterm infant: a case-control study in a referral hospital in Iran. Minerva Pediatr 67, 231-7 (2015).
Azami M, Jaafari Z, Rahmati S, Farahani AD, Badfar G. Prevalence and risk factors of retinopathy of prematurity in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Ophthalmol 18, 83 (2018).
Kalyani A, Bukkapatnam SB, Latha G. Retinopathy of Prematurity Incidence and Risk factors in low-birth-weight Neonates Admitted in SNCU. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine 9(4), 1342 – 8 (2022)
Akkawi MT, Shehadeh MM, Shams ANA, Al-Hardan DM, Omar LJ, Almahmoud OH, Qaddumi JAS. Incidence and risk factors of retinopathy of prematurity in three neonatal intensive care units in Palestine. BMC Ophthalmol 19, 189 (2019)
Sundar KC, Devi Meenakshi K, Patil AB. A retrospective study on the risk factors for retinopathy of prematurity in NICU of tertiary care hospital. Int J Contemp Pediatr 5, 1447 – 51 (2018)
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2023 Mamta Choudhary, Nisha Dulani, Meghna Solanki, Harish Dulani
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
