Swine flu (H1N1) pandemic strain-09 PDM: A recent outbreak in northern India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18231/j.joapr.2022.10.4.19.24Keywords:
H1N1 Virus, Real-Time PCR, Seasonal flu , Swine fluAbstract
Objective: To Identify molecular characterization of swine flu (H1N1) pdm 09 and seasonal flu (influenza A). Materials and methods: NP/OP Swab specimen of 142 patients were collected aseptically in VTM. Nucleic Acid was extracted manually and was processed in Real-Time PCR for identification of swine flu (H1N1) 09 pdm and seasonal flu (inf A). Results: In this study, 142 patients presented with signs and symptoms of Flu like illness patients and were tested by Real-time PCR. Out of total 32 (22.53%) positive specimens, 18(56.25%) were positive swine flu(H1N1) 09 pdm and 14(43.73%) were positive seasonal flu (inf A). Conclusion: We report a tiny outbreak of 18 swine flu (H1N1) 09 pdm and 14 seasonal flu cases in our hospital, from Jan 2022 to June 2022. The outbreak involved persons of all age groups, but it mostly affected paediatric age group.
Downloads
References
Morens DM, Folkers GK, Fauci AS. The challenge of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Nature, 4300, 242-9 (2004)
Cox NJ, Neumann G, Donis RO, Kawaoka Y. Ortho myxoviruses, Influenza In: Topley and Wilson’s Microbiology and Microbial Infections, Tenth Edition. Mahy BWJ, ter Meulen V. John Wiley& Sons, Ltd. 2010; 3: 634-698.
Webster RG, Bean WJ, Gorman OT, Chambers TM, Kawaoka Y. Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses. Microbiol. Rev., 56, 152–179 (1992)
Fouchier RA, Munster V, Wallensten A, Bestebroer TM, Herfst S, Smith D, Rimmelzaan GF, Olsen B, Osterhaus AD. Characterization of a novel influenza A virus hemagglutinin subtype (H16) obtained from black-headed gulls. J. Viral. 79, 2814–2822 (2005).
Olsen B, Munster VJ, Wallensten A, Wald Enstrom J, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA. Global patterns of influenza a virus in wild birds. Science. 312, 384–388 (2006)
McCauley JW, Hongo S, Kaverin NV, Kochs G, Lamb RA, Matrosovich MN, Perez DR, Palese P, Presti RM, Rimstad E, et al. Family Orthomyxoviridae. In: King AMQ, Adams MJ, Carstens EB, Lefkowitz EJ, editors. Virus Taxonomy, Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Elsevier; Amsterdam, Netherlands.2012; 8: 749-761.
Tong S, Zhu X, Li Y, Shi M, Zhang J, Bourgeois M, Yang H, Chen X, Recuenco S, Gomez J, et al. New world bats harbour diverse influenza A viruses. PLoS Pathog. 9, 96-102 (2013)
Ferguson L, Eckard L, Epperson WB, Long LP, Smith D, Huston C, Genova S, Webby R, Wan XF. Influenza D virus infection in Mississippi beef cattle. Virology. 486, 28–34 (2015)
Ducatez MF, Pelletier C, Meyer G. Influenza D virus in cattle, France, 2011–2014. Emerg Infect. Dis., 21, 368–371 (2015)
Thompson WW, Shay DK, Weintraub E, Brammer L, Bridges CB, Cox NJ, Fukuda K. Influenza-associated hospitalizations in the United States. JAMA. 292, 1333–1340 (2004)
Thompson WW, Shay DK, Weintraub E, Brammer L, Cox N, Anderson LJ, Fukuda K. Mortality associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the United States. JAMA., 289, 179-186 (2003)
Guan Y, Shortridge KF, Krauss S, Chin PS, Dyrting KC, Ellis TM, Webster RG, Peiris M. H9N2 influenza viruses possessing H5N1-like internal genomes continue to circulate in poultry in southeastern China. J. Virol, 74, 9372–9380 (2000)
Fouchier RA, Schneeberger PM, Rozendaal FW, Broekman JM, Kemink SA, Munster V, Kuiken T, Rimmelzwaan GF, Schutten M, Van Doornum GJ, et al. Avian influenza A virus (H7N7) associated with human conjunctivitis and a fatal case of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 101, 1356–1361 (2004)
Gao R, Cao B, Hu Y, Feng Z, Wang D, Hu W, Chen J, Jie Z, Qiu H, Xu K, et al. Human infection with a novel avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus. N. Engl. J. Med., 368, 1888–1897 (2013)
Sastry AS, Bhat S. Text book of essentials of Medical Microbiology 2nd edition, New Delhi London, Philadelphia, Panama, Jaypee The Health Sciences Publisher,2020.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Guidance for Clinicians on the use of RT-PCR and Other Molecular Assays for Diagnosis of Influenza Virus Infection, October 25, 2016.
China CDC Virus Disease Control and Prevention. Novel corona virus nucleic acid detection primer and probe sequences (Specific Primers and Probes for Detection Novel corona virus 2019) [EB/ OL], 2020-01-21.
Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Guidance for Clinicians on the Use of RT-PCR and Other Molecular Assays for Diagnosis of Influenza Virus Infection. Accessed date October 25, 2016.
Kannan Tharakaraman; Ram Sasisekharan. "Influenza Surveillance: 2014–2015 H1N1 "Swine"-Derived Influenza Viruses from India". Cell Host & Microbe. 17: 279–282.
Li D, Saito R, Le MT, Nguyen HL, Suzuki Y, Shobugawa Y, et al. Genetic analysis of influenza A/H3N2 and A/H1N1 viruses circulating in Vietnam from 2001 to 2006. J Clin Microbiol., 5, 399-405 (2008)
Sarkar M, Agrawal AS, Sharma Dey R, Chattopadhyay S, Mullick R, De P, et al. Molecular characterization and comparative analysis of pandemic H1N1 /2009 strains with co-circulating seasonal H1N1/2009 STRAINS from eastern India. Arch Virol., 156(2), 207-17 (2011)
Adwan G, Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Middle East 2009 H1N1 pdm isolates. Asian Pac J Trop Med., 3(8), 624-8 (2010)
Moussi El, Ben Hadj A, V Kacem MA, Pozo F, Ledesma J, Cuevas MT, Casas I, et al. Genetic diversity of HAI domain of hemagglutinin gene of influenza A (H1N1) pdm 09 in Tunisia. Viral J., 10, 150 (2013)
Siddharth V, Goyal V, Kaushal VK. Clinical epidemiological profile of Influenza A H1N1 Cases at a tertiary care institute of India. Indian J Community Med., 37(4), 232–235 ( 2012)
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2022 Vinita Choudhary, Chetan Choudhary, Ayushi Sharma, Vinod Kumar Sharma, Pushpendra Saraswat
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
